Rheological modelling of carbonyl-iron particles (CIP) paraffin oil-based magneto-rheological fluids
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Jul 25, 2024
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Abstract
New types of magneto-rheological fluids are increasingly being developed lately, but there is a dearth of information on the performance of commonly used rheological models for emerging MRFs such as carbonyl-iron particles (CIP) paraffin-oil-based MRF. This work aims to investigate the performance of some rheological models for application in predicting shear stress and yield strength in an emerging MRF suitable for flow-mode applications. CIP, low viscosity paraffin oil, and lithium grease were used as magnetic particles, carrier fluid, and additives, respectively, to prepare the MRF. Based on different mixing proportions determined with the Taguchi method of experimental design, sixteen samples were prepared following a standard procedure. For each sample, the values of viscosity and shear stress were determined using a viscometer and rheometer, respectively, with an incorporated self-developed magnetic device. By fitting the data and using the multi-objective nonlinear programming solver in Micro-soft Excel to determine optimum parameters for each model, the Bingham Model, Herschel–Buckley Model, Casson Model, Cross models, and Power-law were used to model the experimental data. Predicted shear stress values and yield strength were then analyzed using ANOVA at a 5% confidence level. The relative errors were determined using RMSE, Mean Square Error, and Mean Absolute Error. There was a significant variation in the predicted outcomes of all the models. Overall, all the models gave relatively acceptable results. However, the Herschel-Buckley model gave the best results, while the Casson model gave the worst results, judging by their values of errors. It is shown that the Herschel-Buckley model should be best used for predicting the rheological characteristics of CIP and paraffin oil-based MRF.
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References
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[3] S. Zareie and A. Zabihollah, “The Recent Advances in Magnetorheological Fluids-Based Applications,” in Emerging Trends in Mechatronics, IntechOpen, 2020. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.86178.
[4] M. Jackel, J. Kloepfer, M. Matthias, and B. Seipel, “The novel MRF-ball-clutch design – a MRF-safety-clutch for high torque applications,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 412, p. 012051, Feb. 2013, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/412/1/012051.
[5] J. S. Kumar, P. S. Paul, G. Raghunathan, and D. G. Alex, “A review of challenges and solutions in the preparation and use of magnetorheological fluids,” International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 13, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1186/s40712-019-0109-2.
[6] E. Emagbetere and E. Zuokumor, “Artificial Neural Network for Modelling the Performance of Carbonyl-Iron Particle-Paraffin Oil-Based Magneto-Rheological Fluid,” Nigerian Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 156–167, 2022, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.6722564.
[7] L. Vékás, D. Bica, I. Potencz, D. Gheorghe, O. Bãlãu, and M. Raça, “Concentration and composition dependence of rheological and magnetorheological properties of some magnetic fluids,” in Adsorption and Nanostructure, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 104–109. doi: 10.1007/3-540-45405-5_19.
[8] R. Y. Hong, Z. Q. Ren, Y. P. Han, H. Z. Li, Y. Zheng, and J. Ding, “Rheological properties of water-based Fe3O4 ferrofluids,” Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 62, no. 21, pp. 5912–5924, Nov. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2007.06.010.
[9] Y. Rabbani, N. Hajinajaf, and O. Tavakoli, “An experimental study on stability and rheological properties of magnetorheological fluid using iron nanoparticle core–shell structured by cellulose,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 135, no. 3, pp. 1687–1697, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10973-018-7538-7.
[10] J. Liu, X. Wang, X. Tang, R. Hong, Y. Wang, and W. Feng, “Preparation and characterization of carbonyl iron/strontium hexaferrite magnetorheological fluids,” Particuology, vol. 22, pp. 134–144, Oct. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.partic.2014.04.021.
[11] M. Ashtiani, S. H. Hashemabadi, and A. Ghaffari, “A review on the magnetorheological fluid preparation and stabilization,” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 374, pp. 716–730, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.09.020.
[12] E. Emagbetere, A. O. Egorerhua, J. O. Oyekale, and C. I. Ajuwa, “Taguchi and RSM in the Development of Cip-Parrafin-Oil Based Magneto-Rheological Fluid Enhanced with Grease,” NIPES - Journal of Science and Technology Research, vol. 4, no. 2, 2022, doi: 10.37933/nipes/4.2.2022.6.
[13] A. Kaide, M. Kanda, H. Tochigi, and T. Saeki, “Preparation of Magnetorheological Fluid Using Stabilizing Additives,” MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 333, p. 02005, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1051/matecconf/202133302005.
[14] Y.-Q. Guo, C.-L. Sun, Z.-D. Xu, and X. Jing, “Preparation and Tests of MR Fluids With CI Particles Coated With MWNTs,” Frontiers in Materials, vol. 5, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.3389/fmats.2018.00050.
[15] L. Vékás, D. Bica, and M. V. Avdeev, “Magnetic nanoparticles and concentrated magnetic nanofluids: Synthesis, properties and some applications,” China Particuology, vol. 5, no. 1–2, pp. 43–49, Feb. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.cpart.2007.01.015.
[16] H. Khajehsaeid, N. Alaghehband, and P. K. Bavil, “On the Yield Stress of Magnetorheological Fluids,” Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 256, p. 117699, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117699.
[17] C. Sarkar and H. Hirani, “Effect of Particle Size on Shear Stress of Magnetorheological Fluids,” Smart Science, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 65–73, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1080/23080477.2015.11665638.
[18] Y. Yang, L. Li, and G. Chen, “Static yield stress of ferrofluid-based magnetorheological fluids,” Rheologica Acta, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 457–466, May 2009, doi: 10.1007/s00397-009-0346-z.
[19] A. Mohammed et al., “Microstructure characterizations, thermal properties, yield stress, plastic viscosity and compression strength of cement paste modified with nanosilica,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 10941–10956, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.07.083.
[20] X. Tang, X. Zhang, R. Tao, and Y. Rong, “Structure-enhanced yield stress of magnetorheological fluids,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 2634–2638, Mar. 2000, doi: 10.1063/1.372229.
[21] E. Emagbetere et al., “Development and modelling of an electro-magnet for magneto-rheological fluid experimental studies,” in 3rd Borobudur International Symposium, 2023, p. 020006. doi: 10.1063/5.0120840.
[22] A. Ghaffari, S. H. Hashemabadi, and M. Ashtiani, “A review on the simulation and modelling of magnetorheological fluids,” Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 881–904, May 2015, doi: 10.1177/1045389X14546650.
[23] E. Esmaeilnezhad, S. H. Hajiabadi, and H. J. Choi, “Effect of medium viscosity on rheological characteristics of magnetite-based magnetorheological fluids,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 80, pp. 197–204, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.07.049.
[24] D. H. Bae, W. J. Han, C. Y. Gao, Y. Z. Dong, and H. J. Choi, “Preparation and Magnetorheological Response of Triangular-Shaped Single-Crystalline Magnetite Particle-Based Magnetic Fluid,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 1–4, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2018.2832166.
[25] K. Saraswathamma, S. Jha, and P. Venkateswara Rao, “Rheological behaviour of Magnetorheological polishing fluid for Si polishing,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1478–1491, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.01.170.
[26] S. O. Ogundele, “Rheological Modelling of CIO paraffin oil based magneto-rheological fluids,” 2022.
[27] A. B. Muddebihal and S. F. Patil, “Preparation and Study of Characteristics of Iron Based MR Fluids,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 24, pp. 1132–1137, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.426.
[28] B. S. Chen, J. Bin Jiang, and F. J. Zhang, “Studying on the Magnetorheological Fluids and its Rheometer,” Advanced Materials Research, vol. 230–232, pp. 1396–1401, May 2011, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.230-232.1396.
[29] M. Chand, A. Shankar, N. Ali, K. Jain, and R. P. Pant, “An improved properties of bidispersed magneto-rheological fluids,” RSC Adv., vol. 4, pp. 53960–53966, Sep. 2014, doi: 10.1039/C4RA07431A.
[30] M. A. Portillo and G. R. Iglesias, “Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Redispersing Additive in Magnetorheological Fluid,” Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 2017, pp. 1–8, 2017, doi: 10.1155/2017/9026219.
[31] F. D. Goncalves, M. Ahmadian, and J. D. Carlson, “The behaviour of magnetorheological fluids at high velocities and high shear rates,” in Electrorheological Fluids and Magnetorheological Suspensions (ERMR 2004), Jun. 2005, pp. 412–418. doi: 10.1142/9789812702197_0061.