Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 3499 Download : 1579

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

This article presents an overview of the technology status and market trends of LPG-fueled vehicles through the literature approach to re-evaluate their future. In the review, it is discovered that LPG vehicles are globally increasing, though with a concentration in some countries. Of the 25 countries included in the World LPG Association (WLPGA) annual report 2018, Turkey, Poland, India, Ukraine, and Mexico are the countries with the best LPG vehicle trends in average of 23%. Meanwhile, Australia, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, and Germany with a long history of implementing LPG as an alternative fuel has experienced a decline in the 2013-2017 period by 17%. This was allegedly due to the penetration of diesel-fueled vehicles over the last ten years. Moreover, developed countries experiencing decline have succeeded in developing electric-based vehicles such as Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) due to stringent demands for emission standards.

Keywords

LPG- fueled vehicles LPG kits technology Market trend

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Author Biographies

Thomas Kivevele, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tanzania

Academic profile: Scopus; ORCID; Google Scholar; ResearchGate; LinkedIn

Thirunavukkarasu Raja, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, India

Academic profile: Scopus; ORCID; Google Scholar; ResearchGate; LinkedIn

Vahid Pirouzfar, Islamic Azad University, Iran

Academic profile: Scopus; ORCID; Google Scholar; ResearchGate; LinkedIn; Publons

Budi Waluyo, Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang, Indonesia

Academic profile: Scopus; ORCID; Google Scholar; ResearchGate; Sinta; Publons

Muji Setiyo, Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang, Indonesia

Academic profile: Scopus; ORCID; Google Scholar; ResearchGate; LinkedIn; Publons; Sinta

References

  1. EPA, “Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data,” United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2014.
  2. C. E. S. Thomas, Stopping Climate Change: the Case for Hydrogen and Coal, vol. 35. Springer, 2017.
  3. EIA, “Global Transportation Energy Consumption: Examination of Scenarios to 2040 using ITEDD,” Washington DC, 2017.
  4. R. . Colvile, E. . Hutchinson, J. . Mindell, and R. . Warren, “The transport sector as a source of air pollution,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 1537–1565, Mar. 2001.
  5. M. Achtnicht, G. Bühler, and C. Hermeling, “The impact of fuel availability on demand for alternative-fuel vehicles,” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 262–269, 2012.
  6. N. H. Ravindranath, C. Sita Lakshmi, R. Manuvie, and P. Balachandra, “Biofuel production and implications for land use, food production and environment in India,” Energy Policy, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 5737–5745, 2011.
  7. K. L. Kline et al., “Reconciling food security and bioenergy: priorities for action,” GCB Bioenergy, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 557–576, 2017.
  8. P. B. Thompson, “The agricultural ethics of biofuels: The food vs. fuel debate,” Agriculture (Switzerland), vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 339–358, 2012.
  9. G. Joshi, J. K. Pandey, S. Rana, and D. S. Rawat, “Challenges and opportunities for the application of biofuel,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 79, no. March, pp. 850–866, 2017.
  10. M. V. Rodionova et al., “Biofuel production: Challenges and opportunities,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 8450–8461, 2017.
  11. S. H. Gheewala, B. Damen, and X. Shi, “Biofuels: Economic, environmental and social benefits and costs for developing countries in Asia,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 497–511, 2013.
  12. A. Demirbas, “Biofuels sources, biofuel policy, biofuel economy and global biofuel projections,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 2106–2116, 2008.
  13. L. Augusto Horta Nogueira and R. Silva Capaz, “Biofuels in Brazil: Evolution, achievements and perspectives on food security,” Global Food Security, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 117–125, 2013.
  14. A. Pradhan and C. Mbohwa, “Development of biofuels in South Africa: Challenges and opportunities,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 39, no. 2014, pp. 1089–1100, 2014.
  15. S. Sorrell, J. Speirs, R. Bentley, A. Brandt, and R. Miller, “Global Oil Depletion: An Assessment of the Evidence for a Near-term Peak in Global Oil Production,” London, 2009.
  16. M. Messagie, K. Lebeau, T. Coosemans, C. Macharis, and J. Van Mierlo, “Environmental and financial evaluation of passenger vehicle technologies in Belgium,” Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 5020–5033, 2013.
  17. P. Weldon, P. Morrissey, and M. O’Mahony, “Long-Term Cost of Ownership Comparative Analysis between Electric Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles,” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 39, no. October 2017, pp. 578–591, 2018.
  18. A. K. Karmaker, M. R. Ahmed, M. A. Hossain, and M. M. Sikder, “Feasibility assessment & design of hybrid renewable energy based electric vehicle charging station in Bangladesh,” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 39, no. February, pp. 189–202, 2018.
  19. T. Gül, S. Kypreos, H. Turton, and L. Barreto, “An energy-economic scenario analysis of alternative fuels for personal transport using the Global Multi-regional MARKAL model (GMM),” Energy, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 1423–1437, 2009.
  20. G. Anandarajah, W. McDowall, and P. Ekins, “Decarbonising road transport with hydrogen and electricity: Long term global technology learning scenarios,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 3419–3432, 2013.
  21. S. D. Supekar and S. J. Skerlos, “Analysis of Costs and Time Frame for Reducing CO2 Emissions by 70% in the U.S. Auto and Energy Sectors by 2050,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 51, no. 19, pp. 10932–10942, Oct. 2017.
  22. H. Blanco, W. Nijs, J. Ruf, and A. Faaij, “Potential for hydrogen and Power-to-Liquid in a low-carbon EU energy system using cost optimization,” Applied Energy, vol. 232, pp. 617–639, 2018.
  23. M. R. Werpy, A. Burnham, and K. Bertram, “Propane Vehicles : Status, Challenges, and Opportunities,” Argonne, 2010.
  24. Propane Education and Research Council, Converting Vehicles to Propane Autogas Part 1 : Installing Fuel Tanks and Fuel Lines. Washington, D.C, 2011.
  25. WLPGA, “Autogas Incentive Policies,” Neuilly-sur-Seine, 2018.
  26. H. L. MacLean and L. B. Lave, “Evaluating automobile fuel/propulsions system technologies,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 1–69, 2003.
  27. M. I. Khan, T. Yasmin, and A. Shakoor, “Technical overview of compressed natural gas (CNG) as a transportation fuel,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 51, pp. 785–797, 2015.
  28. G. Bhattacharjee, S. Bhattacharya, S. Neogi, and S. K. Das, “CNG cylinder burst in a bus during gas filling - Lesson learned,” Safety Science, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 1516–1519, 2010.
  29. R. Tschirschwitz et al., “Hazards from failure of CNG automotive cylinders in fire,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 367, no. July 2018, pp. 1–7, 2019.
  30. L. Raslavičius, A. Keršys, S. Mockus, N. Keršiene, and M. Starevičius, “Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a medium-term option in the transition to sustainable fuels and transport,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 32, 2014.
  31. M. Melikoglu, “Demand forecast for road transportation fuels including gasoline, diesel, LPG, bioethanol and biodiesel for Turkey between 2013 and 2023,” Renewable Energy, vol. 64, pp. 164–171, 2014.
  32. M. Setiyo, S. Soeparman, N. Hamidi, and S. Wahyudi, “Techno-economic analysis of liquid petroleum gas fueled vehicles as public transportation in Indonesia,” International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 495–500, 2016.
  33. B. Erkus, A. Sürmen, and M. I. Karamangil, “A comparative study of carburation and injection fuel supply methods in an LPG-fuelled SI engine,” Fuel, vol. 107, pp. 511–517, 2013.
  34. B. Erkus, A. Surmen, M. I. Karamangil, R. Arslan, and C. Kaplan, “The effect of ignition timing on performance of LPG injected SI engine,” Energy Education Science and Technology Part a-Energy Science and Research, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1199–1206, 2012.
  35. H. Bayraktar and O. Durgun, “Investigating the effects of LPG on spark ignition engine combustion and performance,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 46, no. 13–14, pp. 2317–2333, 2005.
  36. M. Campbell, Ł. P. Wyszyński, and R. Stone, “Combustion of LPG in a Spark-Ignition Engine,” SAE Technical Paper, vol. 2004-01–09, 2004.
  37. C. H. Lai, C. C. Chang, C. H. Wang, M. Shao, Y. Zhang, and J. L. Wang, “Emissions of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from motor vehicles,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 1456–1463, 2009.
  38. A. Irimescu, “Study of Volumetric Efficiency for Spark Ignition Engines Using Alternative Fuels,” Analele Universităţii “Eftimie Murgu,” no. 2, pp. 149–154, 2010.
  39. M. Gumus, “Effects of volumetric efficiency on the performance and emissions characteristics of a dual fueled (gasoline and LPG) spark ignition engine,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 92, no. 10, pp. 1862–1867, 2011.
  40. M. Masi and P. Gobbato, “Measure of the volumetric efficiency and evaporator device performance for a liquefied petroleum gas spark ignition engine,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 60, pp. 18–27, 2012.
  41. J. Kim, K. Choi, C. L. Myung, and S. Park, “Experimental evaluation of engine control strategy on the time resolved THC and nano-particle emission characteristics of liquid phase LPG direct injection (LPG-DI) engine during the cold start,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 106, pp. 166–173, 2013.
  42. G. Li, L. Li, Z. Liu, Z. Li, and D. Qiu, “Real time NO emissions measurement during cold start in LPG SI engine,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 2508–2516, 2007.
  43. A. Ugurlu and M. Gumus, “Exergetic analysis of an LPG evaporator/regulator with thermal storage,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 28, pp. 17984–17992, 2017.
  44. V. J. Venkanna, S. J. Singh, A.Vijaykanth, and K. A. Kumar, “Analysis of Automobile Lpg Cylinder Using Composite Material,” International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 29–32, 2014.
  45. T. Vinoth, P. Vasanthakumar, J. Krishnaraj, S. K. Arunsankar, J. Hariharan, and M. Palanisamy, “Experimental Investigation on LPG + Diesel Fuelled Engine with DEE Ignition Improver,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 9126–9132, 2017.
  46. M. M. Musthafa, “A comparative study on coated and uncoated diesel engine performance and emissions running on dual fuel (LPG – biodiesel) with and without additive,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 128, no. x, pp. 194–198, 2019.
  47. B. Ashok, S. Denis Ashok, and C. Ramesh Kumar, “LPG diesel dual fuel engine - A critical review,” Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 105–126, 2015.
  48. A. Boretti, “Numerical study of the substitutional diesel fuel energy in a dual fuel diesel-LPG engine with two direct injectors per cylinder,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 161, no. x, pp. 41–51, 2017.
  49. H. S. Tira, J. M. Herreros, A. Tsolakis, and M. L. Wyszynski, “Influence of the addition of LPG-reformate and H2on an engine dually fuelled with LPG-diesel, -RME and -GTL Fuels,” Fuel, vol. 118, no. X, pp. 73–82, 2014.
  50. E. Anye Ngang and C. V. Ngayihi Abbe, “Experimental and numerical analysis of the performance of a diesel engine retrofitted to use LPG as secondary fuel,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 136, no. March, pp. 462–474, 2018.
  51. A. Rimkus, M. Melaika, and J. Matijošius, “Efficient and Ecological Indicators of CI Engine Fuelled with Different Diesel and LPG Mixtures,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 187, pp. 504–512, 2017.
  52. K. J. Morganti, T. M. Foong, M. J. Brear, G. Da Silva, Y. Yang, and F. L. Dryer, “The research and motor octane numbers of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG),” Fuel, vol. 108, no. 2013, pp. 797–811, 2013.
  53. K. J. Morganti, M. J. Brear, Y. Yang, and F. L. Dryer, “The autoignition of Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) in spark-ignition engines,” Proceedings Of The Combustion Institute, 2014.
  54. WLPGA, LPG for Heavy Duty Engines Buses , Trucks , Marine and and Other Applications. Neuilly-sur-Seine: WLPGA, 2017.
  55. E. Hahn, “Top 10 Reasons to Convert Your Car to LPG _ Unigas LPG Autogas,” Unigas, 2016. [Online]. [Accessed: 12-Dec-2018].
  56. WLPGA, Autogas Vehicles Catalogue 2018. Neuilly-sur-Seine: WLPGA, 2018.
  57. M. Setiyo, B. Waluyo, M. Husni, and D. W. Karmiadji, “Characteristics of 1500 CC LPG fueled engine at various of mixer venturi area applied on Tesla A-100 LPG vaporizer,” Jurnal Teknologi, vol. 78, no. 10, 2016.
  58. CRD Performance, “Explaining the Different Type of Conversions,” LPG Technical Information, 2012. [Online]. [Accessed: 12-Dec-2018].
  59. X. Q. Li, L. K. Yang, M. Pang, and X. J. Liang, “Effect of LPG Injection Methods on Engine Performance,” Advanced Materials Research, vol. 97–101, no. May, pp. 2279–2282, 2010.
  60. M. A. Ceviz and A. Kaleli, “Pressure Regulator Optimization in LPG Fuel Injection Systems,” in International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, 2015, no. Seee, pp. 62–64.
  61. V. Nayak, G. S. Rashmi, P. Chitragar, and P. Mohanan, “Combustion Characteristics and Cyclic Variation of a LPG Fuelled MPFI Four Cylinder Gasoline Engine,” Energy Procedia, vol. 90, no. December 2015, pp. 470–480, 2015.
  62. M. Setiyo and S. Munahar, “AFR and fuel cut-off modeling of LPG-fueled engine based on engine, transmission, and brake system using fuzzy logic controller (FLC),” Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology, vol. 8, pp. 50–59, 2017.
  63. S. Munahar, B. C. Purnomo, M. Setiyo, A. Triwiyatno, and J. D. Setiawan, “Design and application of air to fuel ratio controller for LPG fueled vehicles at typical down-way,” SN Applied Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 37, 2019.
  64. M. A. Ceviz, A. Kaleli, and E. Güner, “Controlling LPG temperature for SI engine applications,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 82, pp. 298–305, 2015.
  65. C. L. Myung, J. Kim, K. Choi, I. G. Hwang, and S. Park, “Comparative study of engine control strategies for particulate emissions from direct injection light-duty vehicle fueled with gasoline and liquid phase liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),” Fuel, vol. 94, pp. 348–355, 2012.
  66. T. Y. Kim, Y. Lee, C. Kim, and M. Shin, “Effects of shape and surface roughness on icing and condensation characteristics of an injector in a liquid phase LPG injection system,” Fuel, vol. 132, pp. 82–92, Sep. 2014.
  67. K. Kim, J. Kim, S. Oh, C. Kim, and Y. Lee, “Lower particulate matter emissions with a stoichiometric LPG direct injection engine,” Fuel, vol. 187, pp. 197–210, 2017.
  68. C. L. Myung et al., “Mobile source air toxic emissions from direct injection spark ignition gasoline and LPG passenger car under various in-use vehicle driving modes in Korea,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 119, pp. 19–31, 2014.
  69. T. Y. Kim, C. Park, S. Oh, and G. Cho, “The effects of stratified lean combustion and exhaust gas recirculation on combustion and emission characteristics of an LPG direct injection engine,” Energy, vol. 115, no. x, pp. 386–396, 2016.
  70. K. Kim, J. Kim, S. Oh, C. Kim, and Y. Lee, “Evaluation of injection and ignition schemes for the ultra-lean combustion direct-injection LPG engine to control particulate emissions,” Applied Energy, vol. 194, pp. 123–135, 2017.
  71. WLPGA, Guide to new autogas markets: A step-by-step approach to introducing LPG use for transport based on lessons learned from successful markets. Neuilly-sur-Seine: WLPGA, 2018.
  72. M. I. Karamangil, “Development of the auto gas and LPG-powered vehicle sector in Turkey: A statistical case study of the sector for Bursa,” Energy Policy, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 640–649, 2007.
  73. European LPG Association, Autogas in Europe , The Sustainable Alternative: An LPG Industry Roadmap. Brussels: AEGPL, 2013.
  74. V. Leung, “Slow diffusion of LPG vehicles in China-Lessons from Shanghai, Guangzhou and Hong Kong,” Energy Policy, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 3720–3731, 2011.
  75. A. Rohatgi, WebPlotDigitizer User Manual Version 3.4. Texas, 2015.
  76. M. B. Çelik and B. Ozdalyan, “Gasoline Direct Injection,” in Fuel Injection, D. Siano, Ed. London: InTech Open, 2010, pp. 1–17.
  77. I. Phillips, “Top 18 Electric Car Countries in 2019,” AvtoWow, 2019. [Online]. [Accessed: 10-Aug-2019].
  78. G. H. Broadbent, D. Drozdzewski, and G. Metternicht, “Electric vehicle adoption: An analysis of best practice and pitfalls for policy making from experiences of Europe and the US,” Geography Compass, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1–45, 2018.
  79. J. Du and M. Ouyang, “Review of electric vehicle technologies progress and development prospect in China,” World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1086–1093, 2013.
  80. G. H. Broadbent, G. Metternicht, and D. Drozdzewski, “An analysis of consumer incentives in support of electric vehicle uptake: An Australian case study,” World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2019.
  81. S. Vergis, T. S. Turrentine, L. Fulton, and E. Fulton, “Plug-In Electric Vehicles : A Case Study of Seven Markets,” California, 2014.
  82. I. C. Setiawan, “Policy Simulation of Electricity-Based Vehicle Utilization in Indonesia (Electrified Vehicle - HEV, PHEV, BEV and FCEV),” Automotive Experiences, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2019.